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Many introductory programming tutorials begin with a simple "Hello World" exercise. The exercise usually culminates in displaying the string "Hello World" on some sort of display device. This could be a one liner that displays to a text terminal or a half-dozen lines which bring up a window in a graphical environment. Usually, several lines of code are used to demonstrate some of the basics of that particular language. The traditional "Hello World" excercise is a a bit different when working with a microcontroller.

When a radio amateur begins researching how to get on the air with the HF digital modes, such as PSK31, there is often some confusion. Much of this confusion can be resolved by realizing that, generally, there are two types of interfaces that offer two completely different sets of features:

• Rig Control Interface
• Audio Interface

Manhattan-Style construction provides a number of advantages over other techniques such as dead bug or perfboard. If you aren't familiar with Manhattan-Style construction, see the article Manhattan Building Techniques: Introduction to Construction Techniques by Chuck Adams, K7QO.

This construction technique can be a bit of a challenge when using ICs.